Key References

W. Bennett, P. R. Teasdale, J. G. Panther et al., Speciation of dissolved inorganic arsenic by diffusive gradients in thin films: selective binding of As^III by 3-mercaptopropyl-functionalized silica gel, Anal. Chem., 83: (2011), 8293-8299.

Cai, P. N. Williams, H. Li et al., Development and application of the diffusive gradients in thin films technique for the measurement of nitrate in soils, Anal. Chem., 89: (2017), 1178−1184.

K. Challis, M. L. Hanson, C. S. Wong et al., Passive sampling: A cost-effective method for understanding antibiotic fate, behaviour and impact. Environ. Int., 85: (2015), 284-291

K. Challis, M. L. Hanson, C. S. Wong, Development and calibration of an organic-diffusive gradients in thin films aquatic passive sampler for a diverse suite of polar organic contaminants. Anal. Chem. 88: (2016), 10583−10591.

C.E. Chen, H. Zhang, G-G. Ying and K. C. Jones, Evidence and recommendations to support the use of a novel passive water sampler to quantify antibiotics in wastewaters, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47: (2013), 13587-13593.

E., Chen, K. C. Jones, G. G. Ying and H. Zhang, Desorption kinetics of sulfonamide and trimethoprim antibiotics in soils assessed with diffusive gradients in thin-films. Environ. Sci. Technol., 48: (2014), 5530-5536.

E. Chen, W. Chen, G. G. Ying, et al., In situ measurement of solution concentrations and fluxes of sulfonamides and trimethoprim antibiotics in soils using o-DGT. Talanta, 132: (2015), 902-908.

Chen, S. Pan, H. Cheng, A. J. Sweetman, H. Zhang, K. C. Jones, Diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) for in situ sampling of selected endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in waters. Water Research, 137: (2018), 211–219.

Chen, Y. Li, C-E. Chen, et al., DGT passive sampling for quantitative in situ measurements of compounds from household and personal care products in waters, Environ. Sci. Technol.,51: (2017),13274-13281.

Dahlqvist, H. Zhang, J. Ingri and W. Davison, Performance of the diffusive gradients in thin films technique for measuring Ca and Mg in freshwater, Anal. Chim. Acta, 460: (2002), 247-256.

Fang, K. X. Li, Y. Li, H. Zhang, K. C. Jones, X. Y. Liu, S. Y. Liu, L. Q. Ma and J. Luo, Development and application of the diffusive gradients in thin-films Technique for measuring psychiatric pharmaceuticals in natural waters, Environ. Sci. Technol., 53: (2019), 11223−11231.

Fauvelle, T. T. Nhu-Trang, T. Feret et al., Evaluation of titanium dioxide as a binding phase for the passive sampling of glyphosate and aminomethyl phosphonic acid in an aquatic environment, Anal. Chem. 87: 2015, 6004−6009.

A. French, H. Zhang, J. M. Pates et al., Development and performance of the diffusive gradients in thin-films technique for the measurement of technetium-99 in seawater, Anal. Chem., 77: (2005), 135-139.

Gao, E. De Canck, M. Leermakers et al., Synthesized mercaptopropyl nanoporous resins in DGT probes for determining dissolved mercury concentrations, Talanta, 87: (2011), 262-267.

Gao, S. De Craemer and W. Baeyens, A novel method for the determination of dissolved methylmercury concentrations using diffusive gradients in thin films technique, Talanta 120: (2014), 470-474.

Ø. A. Garmo, N. J. Lehto, H. Zhang et al., Dynamic aspects of DGT as demonstrated by experiments with lanthanide complexes of a multidentate ligand, Environ. Sci. Technol.,  40: (2006), 4754–4760.

D.-X. Guan, G. Dong-Xing, N. W. Paul et al., Novel precipitated zirconia-based DGT technique for high-resolution imaging of oxyanions in waters and sediments, Environ. Sci. Technol., 49: (2015), 3653-3661.

X. Guan, J. L. Zheng, J. Luo et al., A diffusive gradients in thin-films technique for the assessment of bisphenols desorption from soils. J. Haz. Mat., 331: (2017) 321-328.

Guibal, R. Buzier, A. Charriau et al., Passive sampling of anionic pesticides using the Diffusive Gradients in Thin films technique (DGT). Anal. Chim. Acta, 966: (2017), 1-10.

Guo, T. Zhang, S. Hou et al., Investigation and application of a new passive sampling technique for in-situ monitoring of illicit drugs in waste waters and rivers. Environ. Sci. Technol., 51: (2017), 9101−9108.

M. Hutchins, J. G. Panther, P. R. Teasdale et al., Evaluation of a titanium dioxide-based DGT technique for measuring inorganic uranium species in fresh and marine waters, Talanta, 97: (2012), 550-556.

Jimenez-Piedrahita, A. Altier, J. Cecilia et al., Extending the use of diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) to solutions where competition, saturation, and kinetic effects are not negligible, Anal. Chem., 89: (2017), 6567-6574.

Li, C. Chen, W. Chen, J. W. Chen, X. Y. Cai, K. C. Jones and H. Zhang, Development of a passive sampling technique for measuring pesticides in waters and soils. J. Agri. Food Chem., 67: (2019), 6397-6406.

Li, S. Rothwell, H. Cheng, K. C. Jones and H. Zhang, Bioavailability and metabolism in a soil-crop system compared using DGT and conventional extraction techniques. Environ. Int., 130: (2019).

Luo, H. Zhang, J. Santner and W. Davison, Performance characteristics of diffusive gradients in thin films equipped with a binding gel layer containing precipitated ferrihydrite for measuring arsenic(V), selenium(VI), vanadium(V), and antimony(V), Anal Chem, 82: (2010), 8903-8909.

Luo, H. Zhang, W. Davison et al., Localised mobilisation of metals, as measured by diffusive gradients in thin-films, in soil historically treated with sewage sludge, Chemosphere, 90: (2013), 464-470.

Mason, R. Hamon, A. Nolan et al., Performance of a mixed binding layer for measuring anions and cations in a single assay using the diffusive gradients in thin films technique, Anal. Chem., 77: (2005), 6339-6346.

Österlund, S. Chlot, M. Faarinen and A. Widerlund, Simultaneous measurements of As, Mo, Sb, V and W using a ferrihydrite diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) device, Anal. Chim. Acta, 682: (2010), 59-65.

Pan, D-X. Guan, D. Zhao et al., Novel speciation method based on diffusive gradients in thin-films for in situ measurement of CrVI in aquatic systems, Environ. Sci. Technol., 49: (2015), 14267−14273.

G. Panther, P. R. Teasdale, W. W. Bennett et al., Titanium dioxide-based DGT technique for in situ measurement of dissolved reactive phosphorus in fresh and marine waters, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44: (2010), 9419-9424.

G. Panther, W. W. Bennett, P. R. Teasdale et al., DGT measurement of dissolved aluminum species in waters: comparing chelex-100 and titanium dioxide-based adsorbents, Environ. Sc.i Technol., 46: (2012), 2267-2275.

G. Panther, R. R. Stewart, P. R. Teasdale et al., Titanium dioxide-based DGT for measuring dissolved As(V), V(V), Sb(V), Mo(VI) and W(VI) in water, Talanta, 105: (2013), 80-86.

G. Panther, W. W. Bennett, D. T. Welsh and P. R. Teasdale, Simultaneous measurement of trace metal and oxyanion concentrations in water using diffusive gradients in thin films with a Chelex-Metsorb mixed binding layer, Anal. Chem., 86: (2014), 427-434.

R. Teasdale, S. Hayward and W. Davison, In situ, high-resolution measurement of dissolved sulfide using diffusive gradients in thin films with computer-imaging densitometry, Anal. Chem., 71: (1999), 2186-2191.

Widerlund and W. Davison, Size and density distribution of sulfide-producing microniches in lake sediments, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41 (2007), 8044-8049.

Xie, J. Chen, Q. Chen, C.-E.L. Chen, J. Du, F. Tan, and C. Zhou, Development and evaluation of diffusive gradients in thin films technique for measuring antibiotics in seawater. Sci. Tot. Environ., 618: (2018), 1605–1612.

L. Zhang, Y. Zhu, X. Xie, C. Han, H. Zhang, L. Zhou, M. Li, G. Xu, L. Jiang and A. Li, Application of diffusive gradients in thin-films for in-situ monitoring of nitrochlorobenzene compounds in aquatic environments, Water Res., 157: (2019), 292–300.

Zhang and W. Davison, Performance characteristics of diffusion gradients in thin films for the in situ measurement of trace metals in aqueous solution, Anal. Chem., 67: (1995), 3391-3400.

Zhang, W. Davison, R. Gadi and T. Kobayashi, In situ measurement of dissolved phosphorus in natural waters using DGT, Anal. Chim. Acta., 370: (1998), 29-38.

Zhang, T. Zhang, S. Guo et al., Development and application of the diffusive gradients in thin films technique for simultaneous measurement of methcathinone and ephedrine in surface river water. Sci. Total Environ. 618: (2018), 284–290.

J-L. Zheng, D-X Guan, J. Luo, et al., Activated charcoal based diffusive gradients in thin films for in situ monitoring of bisphenols in waters, Anal. Chem., 87: (2015), 801-807.

Y-T. Zou, Z. Fang, Y. Li, R. Wang, H. Zhang, K. C. Jones, X-Y. Cui, X-Y. Shi, D. Yin, C. Li, Z-D. Liu, L. Q.  Ma and J. Luo, Novel method for in situ monitoring of organophosphorus flame retardants in waters. Anal. Chem., 90: (2018), 10016–10023.